Classical And Operant Conditioning And The Field Of...

How have studies of classical and operant conditioning contributed to the field of psychology? In this essay I will outline the main principles of both operant and classical conditioning methods and discuss what both theories have contributed to the field of psychology and what they have taught us about the way in which some human behaviour occurs. Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning (Davis, S. F., Buskist, W. (2008). 21st century psychology: a reference handbook Page 312 (Vol. 1). Sage.) states our behaviours are instigated by associating certain stimuli with other behaviours which involves four main learning principles known as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery and stimulus generalisation and discrimination. (Martin, G.N., Carlson, N.R., and Buskist, W. (2013). Psychology. (5th ed.). Page 228 Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Chapter 7). Acquisition refers to the learning phase in classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus increases in strength, extinction refers to when the conditioned stimulus is no longer linked with the unconditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recover refers to the resurfacing of the conditioned response after a period in which the response has been less apparent. Finally, stimulus generalisation and discrimination refers to when a conditioned response applies to similar stimuli, for example, being conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit the same behaviour will apply to an object of the same varietyShow MoreRelatedLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral theorists in the field of psychology who have endeavored to understand the development and behavior of human beings. The efforts of these theorists have contributed to the emergence of several theories that explain their work. Actually, there are three major learning and development theories that are relevant in explaining the development of individuals. Classical and Operant Conditioning: One of the most important learning theories is classical conditioning that was discovered by IvanRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Diverse Nature of Psychology Name Institution The Diverse Nature of Psychology Introduction Psychology consists of a wide collection of diverse concepts, which influence its precise nature that includes the study of behavior and mind in different organisms. Ideally, these organisms range from the most complex to the most primitive. In essence, diversity involves recognizing the variability of characteristics, which make people unique such as their physical appearance, partnered/maritalRead More The Science of Psychology Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pages The Science of Psychology Psychology is defined as â€Å"the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes supported by research†. The word psychology itself is derived from two Latin roots- â€Å"psyche† meaning mind and â€Å"logos†Read MoreEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words   |  7 PagesPavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. While workingRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction- In the field of psychology, behaviorism was one of the theoretical ideas that changed quite drastically during the 20th century. Behaviorism tried to diminish the emphasis on the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind, instead putting forward a new way to look at human behavior that is empirical (observed, quantified, and measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviorsRead MoreThe Contribution of Different Approaches to Psychology for the Development of Modern Psychology1147 Words   |  5 Pages Psychology is a vast field which consists of theories and approaches where it involves certain assumptions on human behavior. How they function and the aspects of the behavior that needs to be studied, in addition to the research methods that are needed to be followed in order to understand it thoroughly. These approaches provide characteristic viewpoints and emphasize different factors. These approaches have contributed towards the development of modern psychology in various ways. Read MoreBehaviorism, Operant And Classical Conditioning1309 Words   |  6 PagesBehaviorism is a school of thought that was joined from no other than John B. Watson. Behaviorism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states. Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential, and sometimes the inner proceduralRead MoreClassical Vs. Operant Conditioning1582 Words   |  7 PagesClassical and Operant Conditioning Ivan Pavlov once said, Don t become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate the mystery of their origin.† Often times in the fast pace world that college students live today many get so caught up in sheer memorization of everything that comes their way just to pass with that sought-after A. What is often looked past is the true meaning of concepts and ideas to retain the information needed for success. It was this very mindset instilled with in greatRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MoreClassical or Operant Conditioning Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesClassical conditioning developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov, laying the foundations for behaviourism. From this J.B Watson and other behaviourists argued psychology should be indicative of predicting and controlling overt behaviour using the conditional reflex. (Watson, 1994). This essay will describe the important features of classical conditioning, consider their use in explaining pathological behaviour and will be answered using empirical evidence. The earlier part of the essay will focus

The Old Man And The Sea - 885 Words

Gustav Freytag, a famous German novelist and playwright, developed a well-known structure himself called Freytag’s Pyramid or dramatic structure. Freytag’s Pyramid is divided into five stages the exposition, the rising action, climax, falling action, and the denouement. Each one of the stages describe the different parts of novels and short stories. Ernest Hemingway author of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and other works, such as, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† and â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† has made many accomplishments throughout his writing career. His novel â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953. Hemingway also received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. Hemingway’s works are great examples of stories that displays the five stages of fiction. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† was published in 1927 in Hemingway’s second collection of short stories. â€Å"Hills Like White Elep hants† is the story of two characters, the American and Jig, and their conversation at a train station in a valley in Spain. The two lovers talk vaguely about an operation and both have opposing views on it; Jig ends the conflict by giving in to the American’s request. Freytag’s pyramid in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† combine to make an interesting tip-of-the-iceberg story. The exposition in of â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† describes a valley that runs along the Ebro River in northern Spain. Two characters are revealed The American and the woman (Jig) who is with him are sitting on aShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to interpretation. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of hi s life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings instituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterat ure Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea993 Words   |  4 Pages one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty

The Greenhouse Effect free essay sample

An analysis of an article that appeared in the New York Times about the melting of the polar ice caps. This paper discusses whether or not the greenhouse effect is really responsible for the earths warming over the last century. It brings up the theory that perhaps this a part of the earths natural cycle. This paper then discusses the Milankovitch Cycles which details the natural changes that the earth undergoes and the effect of these changes on the environment. The author feels that this theory, as presented in the article, disproves the greenhouse effect theory. The same happens in reverse in a time of high temperatures. The ocean circulation systems redistributes heat better and this accounts for the speed of the ice melting in the Antarctic. Milankovitch Cycles are than able to explain the temperature differences noted in the Antarctic. The ice melting is a direct result of this rise in temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greenhouse Effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The higher temperatures effecting the ocean circulation system also adequately explains why the ice melts at a fast rate.

The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning

The article by Curry and Stasio (2009, pp. 473-481) acts as a literary source of information when a clinician intends to gather data on a clinical trial. However, a critical review of this article reveals that there are several issues that the authors fail to adhere to. The evaluation carried out in the current paper seeks to point out these areas. According to Brody (2012), a research article is expected to provide adequate and reliable information on its subject matter.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That notwithstanding, the evaluation conducted in this paper highlights the relevant issues addressed by Curry and Stasio in this article. The article is titled The Effects of Energy Drinks alone and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning (Curry Stasio, 2009, pp. 473-481). It is published in t he Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experiment journal. The clinical trial is reviewed against the CONSORT criteria. CONSORT Evaluation of the Article The Title of the Article Curry and Stasio (2009) are evidently reporting about a randomised control trial. According to the title of the report, the aim of Curry and Stasio is to identify the effects of energy drinks and alcohol on neuropsychological functioning. According to the CONSORT criteria, researchers are required to indicate the methodology adopted in the study in the topic of their report. To this end, Curry and Stasio should have mentioned that their study is a randomised trial. The article can effectively capture the attention of the reader if the word ‘randomised’ is included in the title. An example of an effective title article is found in the report detailing the findings of a study carried out by Bolliger et al. (2000, pp. 329-333). Bolliger et al. (2000) make it clear that their study is a randomised c linical trial. They inform the reader that the aim of the study is to determine the efficacy and safety of oral nicotine inhalers in smoking reduction. In the case of Curry and Stasio (2009), an appropriate title should read like this, â€Å"Neurological Functioning: A Randomised Clinical Trial on the Effects of Energy Drinks with Alcohol and Alone†. An elaborate title helps one to locate the article easily from online and other databases. For example, typing the search terms â€Å"randomised clinical trials† in the search engine should direct one to the article by Curry and Stasio. Analysing the Abstract of the Article In some cases, a researcher may find it hard to access journal articles from libraries. In such instances, an abstract becomes useful as it outlines four fundamental issues about the study.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issues high lighted in this section include the names of the authors, the objectives of the research, and the methods used in data collection. The abstract also provides information on the major findings made in the study. Curry and Stasio (2009) have clearly highlighted all these issues in the abstract section of their article. According to Hackshaw (2009), a clinical research should meet a number of criteria. For example, the research undertaking is expected to be clear, thorough, and accurate. A review of the study by Curry and Stasio (2009) reveals that they make use of a structured abstract in reporting their findings. The headings of the important areas covered in the study are clearly outlined. When a research undertaking is reported in such a manner, an interested party can obtain almost all the information that they require from the abstract without having to read the whole report. Analysing the Introduction Section of the Article Any given research undertaking is expected to provide a background with regards to the problem addressed (Hackshaw, 2009). The introduction section of a particular article should contain a scientific background, a rationale of the study, and a general structure. Curry and Stasio (2009) make use of the free flowing style in their introduction. The style is necessary as it enhances coherence, which is quite commendable on their part. Unfortunately, Curry and Stasio fail to highlight the structure of the research paper in the introduction section. The failure makes it difficult for the reader to understand the steps taken in conducting the research. Reviewing the Design of the Article According to Hackshaw (2009), there are several research designs that can be used to conduct randomised control trials. They include, among others, the parallel research design. In this design, the researchers make use of two groups of participants. The number of participants in each group may be equal, but their characteristics with regards to sex and such o ther issues may vary. A review of the article by Curry and Stasio (2009) makes it obvious that the researchers fail to highlight the exact type of design used in the study. However, they justify this shortcoming in the report. They indicate that as a result of the 3:1 ratio of females to males, it was unrealistic to apply the said research design. In spite of this, the article outlines the two parallel groups of participants as ‘males’ and ‘females’ (Curry Stasio, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Curry and Stasio (2009) illustrate that theirs is not an equal type of randomisation. The illustration is one of the interesting elements of their study. In the said form of randomisation, the ratio of participants is usually 1:1. However, in cases where the equal random isation is not employed, an explicit allocation ratio is expected. In the methodology section of the article, Curry and Stasio (2009) outline the allocations in terms of age and race. Reviewing the Results Participants in a randomised clinical trial are expected to be clustered into groups. Hackshaw (2009) points out that results and findings made in the study should be summarised on the basis of the clusters or groups used. Curry and Stasio (2009) address this issue in analysing their results. The brevity of the analysis section provides the reader with a picture of the findings made, making it easy to understand the whole study. The Discussion The results obtained in a research have various implications on the paper’s objectives (Hackshaw, 2009). Consequently, the researcher should provide a discussion section in order to elaborate on the findings made. The section acts as a response to the research questions posed. The clinical trial by Curry and Stasio (2009) illustrates the effects of each of the beverages on the participants take part in the study. As a result, Curry and Stasio effectively respond to the study objectives. Conclusion Research articles should effectively pass information touching on the study conducted to the target audience. In their article, Curry and Stasio (2009) fail to address all the key issues related to clinical trial studies. For example, the title of the report and the interventions has various shortcomings. The failure of these scholars reduces the credibility of their article. References Bolliger, T., Zellweger, P., Danielsson, T., Bilion, A., Robidou, A., Westin, A.,†¦Sawe, U. (2000). Smoking reduction with oral nicotine inhalers: Double blind, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety. British Medical Journal, 321, 329-333. Brody, T. (2012). Clinical trials: Study design, endpoints and biomarkers, drug safety, and FDA and ICH guidelines. New York: Academic Press.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Curry, K., Stasio, J. (2009). The effects of energy drinks alone and with alcohol on neuropsychological functioning. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experiments, 24, 473-481. Hackshaw, A. (2009). A concise guide to clinical trials. London: Wiley-Blackwell. This critical writing on The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning was written and submitted by user Esperanza French to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Flowers of Ophelia free essay sample

William Shakespeare uses different types of imagery to symbolize major themes and characters in his plays. Garden and flower imagery is a major theme in one of his most famous plays, â€Å"Hamlet†. Gardens are used to describe the atmosphere, while flowers help us understand the characters, especially Ophelia. Flowers play such a large role in this play and without this imagery we may not have been able to understand some major points discussed. When most people hear the word â€Å"garden†, they think fields of green surrounded by beautiful flowers where you can sit and enjoy a Sunday afternoon picnic. As described in â€Å"Hamlet†, garden has a much different meaning. â€Å" ‘Tis an unweeded garden, / That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely. † (1. 2. 135-37) This quote said by Hamlet in his first soliloquy is explaining how he feels about his surroundings. As Hamlet is upset and angered over his fathers death and his mother remarriage, he feels that the world and people around him are an unweeded garden. We will write a custom essay sample on The Flowers of Ophelia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, Hamlet feels that he is surrounded by living things that are not being tended to. Floral imagery comes into the play when Laertes lectures Ophelia on the relationship between her and Hamlet. He compares Hamlet’s love for her as â€Å"A violet in the youth of primy nature. † (1. 3. 7) By stating this, Laertes is explaining to Ophelia that their love is not permanent, but like a violet; a flower that dies as quickly as it blooms. The symbolism of flowers and gardens are used to show the different characteristics of Ophelia. A large aspect is how her brother, Laertes is constantly trying to give her advice. I shall the effect of this good lesson keep, As watchman to my heart. But, good my brother, Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven 1. 3. 45-8) Ophelia appreciates that Laertes is continuously giving her advice, but feels that he should step back and concentrate on taking his own. She uses garden imagery by saying it is a thorny path to heaven, meaning it is not as easy as it seems. The imagery and symbolism continues as Ophelia is scolded by her father, Polonius. Polonius tells Ophelia that she speaks like a  "green girl†. This is explaining that she talks as a flower who has not bloomed yet; unknown to the world around her. After the accidental death of Ophelia’s father, Polonius, Ophelia turns mad. Ophelia enters the castle with her whole figure and hair entwined with flowers. She begins to show her insanity by sitting upon the floor and playing with the flowers in a childish way as she sings. Another floral symbol is shown in Ophelia’s song, â€Å"Larded with sweet flowers; / Which bewept to the grave did go / With true-love showers. † (4. 5. 37-9) She is singing of her fathers burial who would be covered in flowers while put into the grave. With loosing her mind, Ophelia hands out flowers to all those around her. She speaks directly of the symbolic meaning of those flowers, which is important of who she is giving each flower to. There’s rosemary, thats for remembrance, pray, love, remember: and there is pansies, that’s for thoughts. † (4. 5. 173-5) It can be thought that Ophelia would be handing rosemary to Hamlet, in which she does not want him to forget about her. In feeling her disappointment that Hamlet is not present, the pansy would symbolize her thoughts of him there. There’s fennel for you, and columbines: there’s rue for you; and here’s some for me: we may call it herb-grace o’ Sundays: O, you must wear your rue with a difference. There’s a daisy: I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my father died: hey say he made a good end, (4. 5. 78-83) Ophelia continues to pass out flowers as stated in the quote above. Fennel is a symbol of flattery as columbines are a symbol of infidelity. As passing these flowers to the King, it would’ve been considered an insult in Elizabethan times. It was brave of Ophelia to at first flatte r the King and then accuse him of adultery, especially because he has the power to take her life. Rue is a symbol of regret. This herb was given to the Queen would symbolize her bitterness and could’ve been thought to be a symbol of her regretting the marriage of Claudius. As for the daisy which was not given to anyone, can show the loss of innocence at this point in the play. The violet shows Ophelia’s faithfulness to her father. The reappearance of the violet is interesting in that it is the first flower Ophelia is compared to and the last flower she speaks of. Flower imagery continues to coincide with Ophelia up to her death. As Queen Gertrude describes Ophelia’s last moments, Ophelia is described as a flower herself. There is a willow grows aslant a brook, That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream; There, with fantastic garlands did she come Of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples, That liberal shepherds give a grosser name, But our cold maids do dead-men’s-fingers call them; There, on the pendent boughs her coronet weeds Clambering to hand, an envious sliver broke; When down the weedy trophies and herself Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide, And mermaid-like a while they bore her up: Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes, As one incapable of her own distress, Or like a creature native and indued Unto that element: but long it could not be, Till that her garments, heavy with their drink, Pull’d the poor wretch from her melodious lay To muddy death. (4. 7. 168-84) The Queen’s speech is describing how Ophelia went to the brook with garlands of flowers intending to hang them on the boughs of a far out tree. As Ophelia was climbing, a branch broke beneath her causing her to tumble into the brook. At first, her clothes kept her afloat. â€Å"As one incapable of her own distress† (4. 7. 180) Ophelia was unable to get herself out of the brook, therefore, she downed. The willow leaves mentioned by the queen can symbolize mourning. Ophelia’s sudden death is mourned by all who are present at her burial. The â€Å"long purples† that Gertrude compares to â€Å"dead-men’s-fingers† refer to the plant we know as the purple orchid. This metaphor can be used to described the lifeless hands of Ophelia reaching up, trying to save herself from the brook. Further more, the excessive amount of flowers present, each with their own symbolic meaning, can be describing the many emotions that Ophelia was experiencing throughout the play, up to her death. It can easily be said that Shakespeare could’ve described Ophelia’s emotional state in a number of words. The Flowers of Ophelia free essay sample As described in â€Å"Hamlet†, garden has a much different meaning. â€Å" ‘Tis an unweeded garden, / That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely. † (1. 2. 135-37) This quote said by Hamlet in his first soliloquy is explaining how he feels about his surroundings. As Hamlet is upset and angered over his fathers death and his mother remarriage, he feels that the world and people around him are an unweeded garden. In other words, Hamlet feels that he is surrounded by living things that are not being tended to. Floral imagery comes into the play when Laertes lectures Ophelia on the relationship between her and Hamlet. He compares Hamlet’s love for her as â€Å"A violet in the youth of primy nature. † (1. 3. 7) By stating this, Laertes is explaining to Ophelia that their love is not permanent, but like a violet; a flower that dies as quickly as it blooms. The symbolism of flowers and gardens are used to show the different characteristics of Ophelia. We will write a custom essay sample on The Flowers of Ophelia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A large aspect is how her brother, Laertes is constantly trying to give her advice. I shall the effect of this good lesson keep, As watchman to my heart. But, good my brother, Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven 1. 3. 45-8) Ophelia appreciates that Laertes is continuously giving her advice, but feels that he should step back and concentrate on taking his own. She uses garden imagery by saying it is a thorny path to heaven, meaning it is not as easy as it seems. The imagery and symbolism continues as Ophelia is scolded by her father, Polonius. Polonius tells Ophelia that she speaks like a â€Å"green girl†. This is explaining that she talks as a flower who has not bloomed yet; unknown to the world around her. After the accidental death of Ophelia’s father, Polonius, Ophelia turns mad. Ophelia enters the castle with her whole figure and hair entwined with flowers. She begins to show her insanity by sitting upon the floor and playing with the flowers in a childish way as she sings. Another floral symbol is shown in Ophelia’s song, â€Å"Larded with sweet flowers; / Which bewept to the grave did go / With true-love showers. † (4. 5. 37-9) She is singing of her fathers burial who would be covered in flowers while put into the grave. With loosing her mind, Ophelia hands out flowers to all those around her. She speaks directly of the symbolic meaning of those flowers, which is important of who she is giving each flower to. There’s rosemary, thats for remembrance, pray, love, remember: and there is pansies, that’s for thoughts. † (4. 5. 173-5) It can be thought that Ophelia would be handing rosemary to Hamlet, in which she does not want him to forget about her. In feeling her disappointment that Hamlet is not present, the pansy would symbolize her thoughts of him there. There’s fennel for you, and columbines: there’s rue for you; and here’s some for me: we may call it herb-grace o’ Sundays: O, you must wear your rue with a difference. There’s a daisy: I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my father died: hey say he made a good end, (4. 5. 78-83) Ophelia continues to pass out flowers as stated in the quote above. Fennel is a symbol of flattery as columbines are a symbol of infidelity. As passing these flowers to the King, it would’ve been considered an insult in Elizabethan times. It was brave of Ophelia to at first flatter the King and then accuse him of adultery, especially because he has the power to take her life. Rue is a symbol of regret. This herb was giv en to the Queen would symbolize her bitterness and could’ve been thought to be a symbol of her regretting the marriage of Claudius. As for the daisy which was not given to anyone, can show the loss of innocence at this point in the play. The violet shows Ophelia’s faithfulness to her father. The reappearance of the violet is interesting in that it is the first flower Ophelia is compared to and the last flower she speaks of. Flower imagery continues to coincide with Ophelia up to her death. As Queen Gertrude describes Ophelia’s last moments, Ophelia is described as a flower herself. There is a willow grows aslant a brook, That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream; There, with fantastic garlands did she come Of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples, That liberal shepherds give a grosser name, But our cold maids do dead-men’s-fingers call them; There, on the pendent boughs her coronet weeds Clambering to hand, an envious sliver broke; When down the weedy trophies and herself Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide, And mermaid-like a while they bore her up: Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes, As one incapable of her own distress, Or like a creature native and indued Unto that element: but long it could not be, Till that her garments, heavy with their drink, Pull’d the poor wretch from her melodious lay To muddy death. (4. 7. 168-84) The Queen’s speech is describing how Ophelia went to the brook with garlands of flowers intending to hang them on the boughs of a far out tree. As Ophelia was climbing, a branch broke beneath her causing her to tumble into the brook. At first, her clothes kept her afloat. â€Å"As one incapable of her own distress† (4. 7. 180) Ophelia was unable to get herself out of the brook, therefore, she downed. The willow leaves mentioned by the queen can symbolize mourning. Ophelia’s sudden death is mourned by all who are present at her burial. The â€Å"long purples† that Gertrude compares to â€Å"dead-men’s-fingers† refer to the plant we know as the purple orchid. This metaphor can be used to described the lifeless hands of Ophelia reaching up, trying to save herself from the brook. Further more, the excessive amount of flowers present, each with their own symbolic meaning, can be describing the many emotions that Ophelia was experiencing throughout the play, up to her death. It can easily be said that Shakespeare could’ve described Ophelia’s emotional state in a number of words.

Understand culture essays

Understand culture essays Dictionary. com defined culture as the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought, so language is just the one element of the culture. It doesnt mean if you dont know the language of that culture, you would not understand that culture. You can know it in many different ways, so I disagree. If you want to know this culture, you dont have to know the language in this culture. You can see the introduction of the culture which is in your language if it is possible or you can100 see the products and acts which were made in that culture. For example, the old Egypt had been disappeared thousand years ago, no baby can speak the old Egypt language, but the scientists still can know most old Egypt culture. The scientists investigate the cultural relics, such as the mummies. And the buildings, such as pyramids. Then know assembly the old Egypt culture. After that, they begin to investigate the characters. They try to translate their, therefore they can read their recordation and know what was going on in their history. If carol wants to know her native culture,200 you got many different ways to know. Firstly, she can ask her parents or some older relations in her family, because the older people has been in this culture a long time, they should know the culture more than the you ng people. Secondly, she can read the books about her native culture, that would be the easiest and the most directly way to get the information. The books would introduce the culture comprehensively. Thirdly, if Carol is so lazy, she can just look some products and acts which are made in their culture. she can more or less get some 300information form them. However, I think language is still a very important part to understand a culture. If you know the language of the culture, you probably know the culture entirely. Because language of the culture can express its ...

Bankruptcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bankruptcy - Essay Example Chapter 7 Bankruptcy is also known as straight bankruptcy in which an individual or a corporation will discharge the filing defaulter in exchange for giving up assets. Therefore, the chapter 7 is legislated specifically for people who cannot afford or who are unable to pay their debt. Accordingly, one chief reason people choose to file chapter 7 is that if one qualifies, he or she can then afford the monthly reimbursement for the items they wish to keep. This is unlike chapter 13 because those who file chapter 7 debtors are often ready to credit score more quickly because they aim to complete bankruptcy suit swiftly (Gambrell & Associates, n.d.). As with Chapter 13 on the other hand, the debtor is demanded to reimburse all or part of his/her debts in terms of reduction of upcoming income within a stipulated period of 3-5 years as per chapter 13 arrangement. Much of the debt that is not reimbursed as set out in the agreement or a plan of reorganization will have to be wiped out or discharged. This is unlike in chapter 7 where bankruptcy does not discharge much of the mortgage, for if debtor desires to keep an item product e.g. an apartment or a car as security for a loan, he is required to prolong these payments. However, under chapter 13, nearly all long-term debts and mortgages have to be paid in their usual monthly reimbursement either during or outside the plan, apart from for the payments that were due ahead of the case filing (Gambrell & Associates, n.d.). Chapter 9 deals with municipalities and a municipal is required to demonstrate its eligibility to be a debtor in pursuant of section 109 (c) and such eligibility to file for chapter 9 is often contested by creditor (s). Such is different with chapter 11 whereby eligibility is never challenged as a party is supposed to be eligible for filing save for insurance companies, stockbrokers, insured banks, and commodity brokers. Another